![]() ![]() ![]() Gustavus Adolphusīut in 1630, Sweden, under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus, took the side of the northern Protestants and joined the fight, with its army helping to push Catholic forces back and regain much of the lost territory lost by the Protestant Union. With Emperor Ferdinand II’s ascension to head of state of the Holy Roman Empire in 1619, religious conflict began to foment.Įven with help from soldiers from Scotland, however, the armies of Denmark-Norway fell to the forces of Ferdinand II, ceding much of northern Europe to the emperor. In the end, the conflict changed the geopolitical face of Europe and the role of religion and nation-states in society. However, as the Thirty Years’ War evolved, it became less about religion and more about which group would ultimately govern Europe. The war lasted from 1618 to 1648, starting as a battle among the Catholic and Protestant states that formed the Holy Roman Empire. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict. The Thirty Years’ War was a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe.
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